TMU Blogs

Introduction

Bone Mineral Density (BMD) is a vital clinical measure used to assess bone health and strength. It is calculated based on the absorption pattern of X-rays as they pass through human tissues, allowing for objective evaluation of bone mineral content.

Why BMD Measurement Matters

Low BMD is associated with weakened bone structure and higher fracture risk. Osteopenia and osteoporosis—conditions characterised by reduced bone density—are major public health concerns, especially among ageing populations.

Common Indications for BMD Testing:

• Diagnosis of osteopenia or osteoporosis
• Identifying individuals at risk of fractures
• Monitoring patients on on the treatment of osteoporoticsis
• Monitoring patients for the development of osteoporosis due to or cancer-related therapies

Understanding Osteopenia and Osteoporosis

• Osteopenia refers to lower-than-normal bone density for age and sex, without reaching the threshold of osteoporosis.
• Osteoporosis is a more advanced stage, where bones become so fragile that even minor physical stress, like climbing stairs, coughing, or sneezing, can cause fractures.

Both conditions are frequently underdiagnosed due to nonspecific symptoms and a lack of routine screening.

BMD Testing: Procedure and Technology

BMD testing is a non-invasive, painless, and outpatient diagnostic procedure. It uses Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) or Dual-Energy Computed Tomography (DECT) to provide:

• Fast and accurate measurements
• High sensitivity in detecting early bone loss
• Minimal radiation exposure

Key Scan Areas:

• Lumbar spine
• Hips
• Distal radius (forearm)

Patients are advised toshould avoid calcium supplements for at least 24 hours before the test and remove any metallic or radiodense objects that might interfere with imaging.

Who Should Get a BMD Test?

Mandatory Screening:

• All women aged 65 and above not on hormone replacement therapy

Screening Based on Risk Factors:

• Women above 60 and men above 50, if they have one or more of the following conditions:

Medical & Lifestyle Risk Factors:

• Long-term corticosteroid or anti-osteoporotic drug therapy
• Prior stress fractures
• Heavy smoking or excessive alcohol consumption
• Rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases
• Chronic renal, hepatic, respiratory, or thyroid/parathyroid disorders
• Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Dementia or other cognitive impairments
• Physical inactivity
• Limited exposure to sunlight
• Low body weight or thin body structure
• Previous adult fractures
• Connective tissue (collagen) disorders

Early detection through BMD testing is essential in preventing fragility fractures, preserving mobility, and improving long-term quality of life.

Conclusion

Bone Mineral Density assessment plays a critical role in diagnosing and managing osteoporosis and related conditions. At Teerthanker Mahaveer University Hospital, we offer advanced BMD evaluation using DEXA and DECT technologies, ensuring precision, safety, and comfort for all patientspatients' precision, safety, and comfort.

For those in at-risk groups or experiencing bone-related symptoms, timely BMD testing can be life-changing, helping to avoid fractures, initiate treatment early, and maintain independence in later years.